In what ways, and to what extent, did McCarthyism impact upon American Research Paper

In what ways, and to what extent, did McCarthyism impact upon American society in the early 1950's - Research Paper Example The investigation involved conducting analyses on human behavior induced by McCarthy’s anti-Communist rhetoric as well as examination of the victims of McCarthyism whose involvement helped shaped societal ideologies supportive or opposed to McCarthy’s paranoia. SUMMARY OF EVIDENCE Joseph McCarthy was expertly versed in utilizing rhetorical arguments to foster support for the agenda of removing legitimate or perceived Communist threats from within the United States and that stemming from international society. After emerging from World War II, nations torn apart by war began to polarize, creating centralized authorities from fractious ruling regimes torn apart by warfare. This centralization ultimately led to the development of The United States and The Soviet Union as superpowers, based on militaristic and economic growth. Coupled with ongoing threats of atomic warfare, now posing a risk from nations that had managed to procure atomic resources, Communism became a very negative connotation sparking fear from members of government. It was believed by many in the early 1950s that Communism represented a moral threat to the fabric of society and an antagonistic ideology. â€Å"You the American people could hope†¦even at this late date, how rapidly the sands in the hourglass of time are running out -- realize that, as of tonight, we are winning a war, winning it – I beg your pardon – losing a war, losing it deliberately and disgracefully, losing it at the tune of American blood which will continue over the weeks and months ahead† (McCarthy 2). The aforesaid quotation from McCarthy in 1952 illustrates the methodology by which McCarthy was able to foster support for his agenda, appealing with pathos, the ability to create an emotional response from an audience by appealing to suffering and experiences endured by a national population fatigued from years of difficult warfare. McCarthy established a sense of urgency through his r hetorical arguments, indicating that there must be a community-wide effort, involving all patriotic Americans, to identify and remove the threats of Communism to the United States. The McCarthy movement gained national prominence in the early 1950s, enhanced by growing support from the Catholic community in the U.S., support from the Kennedy family which was gaining notoriety and influence in government, and such organizations as the American Legion and anti-Communist women’s groups such as The Minute Women of the USA (Nickerson 2). Under social learning theory, society will often imitate the behaviors of others when they are considered credible and attractive role models. Under this theory, society will continue to model such behaviors when they witness these actions being reinforced and applauded by the social environment (Bandura 47). Groups such as the American Legion and The Minute Women of the USA regularly published anti-Communist sentiment in the form of leaflets and posters that publicized support for McCarthy’

Little Children Movie Review Essay Example for Free

Little Children Movie Review Essay You couldnt change the past. But the future could be a different story. And it had to start somewhere. This final statement sums up the message of the Little Children, a film opus of Todd Fiend, that talks not merely about a love affair of two married persons, but the story of struggle and redemption of common folk living in an upper-middle class suburban Boston. This notwithstanding, the film also shows a stereotypical, albeit real depiction of the contradictions in such a neighborhood – the soccer moms, the disempowered husbands, better called ‘house-bands’, and the bored housewives in terrible need of an ego boost. The film review shall mainly quote dialogue from the film, in order to showcase fully the power of this story about suburban Northeastern America. Sarah Pierce is a successful academic and campus figure, but has since lost all glory upon her marriage to Richard, and subsequent birth to Lucy, a self-assured little girl who refuses to do everything Sarah requests. She currently suffers from an absolute absence of love in her relationship with Brad, shattered further with her catching Richard in a fit of masturbation, while wearing her panties around his head. Moreover, she eternally despises the pretentious moms she sees in Lucy’s playground all the time. The lines with sarcasm are clearly suggestive of her clear disdain for the mothers, to wit – Mary Ann: He should just be castrated. Just snip, quick and easy. Sarah Pierce: [sarcastically] You know what else you should do? Nail his penis above the entrance to the elementary school. Thatd really teach him a lesson. This initial situation of Sarah inextricably creates the objective conditions for the future love affair with Brad, because one cannot reasonably expect, despite promises made at the consummation of marriage that she can eternally be faithful in the wake of the loveless situation that she is in. Her disempowerment as an intellectual by becoming a fulltime housewife living in a sea of pretentious women around her also gives further ammunition, albeit personal isolation from her community-at-large, for the blossoming of a new yet forbidden relationship with Brad. The other player in this love affair is Brad Adamson, a ‘house-band’ whose career is at a standstill – he failed the bar exams twice, and his wife is a successful documentary filmmaker, named Kathy. In such as situation, he feels absolutely helpless, in view of the fact that it is his wife that serves as the breadwinner of the family, and his main task for every given day would be to accompany their child Aaron during his playtime. Without an actual career to speak of, and a similarly successful past as Sarah, it is without a doubt a situation which would create the necessary conditions for his decision to enter into an affair with Sarah – them hopeless beings supposedly full of potential, now finally united. The proverbial meet-cute of film may be the scandalous yet affirming prank they pulled against the pretentious mothers in the playground, when Sarah and Brad hugged each other, to the absolute disdain of the mothers. The prank unleashed their long-kept longings of spontaneity and passion, long gone in the running of their marriages and only to be found again in each other’s embrace. Sarah, as the formerly empowered intellectual, possesses almost the same ridicule at Richard as what she has against the pretentious mothers, to wit – Brad Adamson: You have a nice place here. Sarah Pierce: You think? Yeah, Richard does pretty well for himself. Brad Adamson: Oh, yeah? Whats he do? Sarah Pierce: He lies. They shall soon engage in passionate love-making during a fierce rainstorm, but only after Brad realizes that their feelings for each other are mutual, as shown by a picture kept by Sarah in her study. Nonetheless, the couple in the affair approach their forbidden relationship, with great fervor, but a bit unsure, with even a tinge of guilt and remorse, particularly on the part of Brad, to wit – Brad Adamson: Do you feel bad about this? Sarah Pierce: No, I dont. Brad Adamson: I do. I feel really bad. The other characters in the movie are as interesting as the two main love-struck protagonists. Ronnie McGorvey is an indecent exposure offender, having served prison time and has since moved back into the neighborhood with his mother. Ronnie seems to have been unreformed in his perverted ways, when he masturbates yet again during a date set by his mother, ruining the date, and destroying all hopes of him ever finding love. His return, nonetheless, is met with great protest by Larry, Brad’s teammate in touch football, and a disgraced police officer. His protests turn violent at times, not content with the mere handing out of flyers and posters about Ronnie, but also vandalizing his house, and almost assaulting Ronnie and his mother. Their seemingly grown-men, good vs. evil conflict reaches a terrible turn when a drunken Larry goes to Ronnie’s house with a megaphone, waking the entire neighborhood and shaming fully Ronnie and his mother. As his mother tries to stop Larry from further his drunken actions, he pushes her to the ground, triggering a heart attack which would soon take her life. Nonetheless, before entering death’s door, she writes a note to Ronnie with a chest-pounding plea – â€Å"Please be good boy. † This triggers Ronnie to go on a fit of rage for losing his mother, ending in castrating himself, in pursuit of his mother’s request at death. Larry would soon realize how grave his mistake was and looks for Ronnie, and bring him to the hospital for medical attention. The stories of Ronnie and Larry ironically show the awkward sense of justice and reason disgraced persons in the community pursue to redeem themselves to their loved ones and to the community. Ronnie, in the most dramatic expression of remorse and love to his dead mother, has cut of his testicles – the physical object of his sexual perversion, in order to unrealistically undo the hurt feelings of his mother created by his former acts. But despite the spectacle of it all, the drama attended by it, there is no point in doing such. The mother is dead, and the date has been left crying. On the other hand, Larry, the disgraced police officer, puts the law into his own hands by maligning Ronnie’s person and by engaging into overt acts of harassment and violence in pursuit of this. The objective is clear, that despite his failure as an officer of the law, he himself continues to be an upright man, rejecting sexual depredation and moral turpitude in the person of Ronnie. He does his brand of redemption to a serious fault, notwithstanding through aimless grandstanding, by lumping together Ronnie’s person to that of his mother, by vandalizing her property and pushing her to the ground in pursuit of his shame campaign. By doing such, he fails in the end, because the object of vigilante-ism is not the person whose life was lost, but some innocent person whose continued life could have influenced Ronnie towards full redemption from his sins, without need of castration, nor the spectacle of it. Meanwhile, the affair between Brad and Sarah becomes all the more serious, to the point that Kathy herself now witnesses the truth of the affair through the tacit sexual tensions between the two during a dinner. They have even agreed to run away together, as when two young star-crossed lovers would leave their unyielding parents in pursuit of their hasty, yet seemingly ‘true’ love. In pursuit of this, Sarah even declares the situation to Mary Ann, to wit – Mary Ann: Oh thats nice. So now cheating on your husband makes you a feminist? Sarah Pierce: No, no, no. Its not the cheating. Its the hunger the hunger for an alternative and the refusal to accept a life of unhappiness. The two were prepared to leave their loveless homes, their young children and their real spouses to perfect the ‘love’ long lost, and which now they have found through one another. This feeling of seemingly ‘great love’ is expected, but appears clearly as one that is fleeting, one that is artificial, one that was created by the sordid personal experiences of their lives, where the affair’s function was a mere outlet of a love that is merely not sought, but never absent, in their own homes. Such is how their love is that in the film’s climax, at the supposed point of no return by meeting on the night they agreed upon to run away for love, the family and the past they have left pull them back, not through force, but by circumstances that put everything back into its proper perspective. Sarah’s Lucy gets lost, and a panicked mother searches for her relentlessly in the playground where she left her, only to soon find her along under a street light. It is on this moment, that the bubble of ‘love’ in the affair is completely pierced, that the idea of the absence of love is merely in her mind, nothing more, and Lucy is the personification of that love, that has never been absent, but as stated above, a love merely unsought. Brad himself experiences a similar piercing of the ‘love bubble’, in the exact moment towards their scheduled departure for love. Brad, the confident but now disempowered lawyer-to-be, has failed to leave his goodbye letter to Kathy when he met a serious accident while trying some skateboard tricks. No clue has been given as to why he failed to leave the note to Kathy, but what can be surmised is that he probably felt the same as Sarah had, the inability, at the final instance, to create the actual physical wedge between his past and his supposed future with Sarah. This unstated inability to leave is further buttressed by Kathy’s rush to the hospital to meet Brad at the emergency room doors, showing that despite acting as the breadwinner of the family, she is not without love for her husband, and that, as in Sarah’s case, Brad’s idea of a loveless home is again, a love merely unsought, waning and almost at the point of death, yes, but present with the ability to be roused to life again. In all these, the film shows who the real Little Children are in this story of suburban America – it is the adults who allow their feelings to get in the way of principled contemplation of relationships and love.

Maintaining Diversity in a Workplace

Maintaining Diversity in a Workplace In this review I am going to show how different public services have different methods of services so basically, this written opinion will show information about different methods used in the public services to make sure that they have a many different kinds of people or things all the workers in a company or country. I will gather some of the information, on workplace such as; policies and procedures, bullying and teasing and threatening over and over again in a mean way in workplace etc. In the public services there are different methods on how they can place certain policies and legislations in place with the government to make sure that services meet the standard needs of the public within matters of health and diversity. To meet these requirements, services have their own procedure and methods that are normally mentioned in the service policy so that can deal with their problems when they have any. Some of the organizations or services can be quite fixed on how to create their style of diverse workforce; I think they do that so that different groups of people that work with them can enjoy their work. Services also show they have an equal diversity by having a variety of religious meals that it can have a certain standard to those who are religious or any other such as vegetarian or diet meals, but not everything has to be about meals when some of the services provides things like prayer rooms or a room that can be used to concentrate and forget about everything else. Rooms that have been there and always will be there would be such things like toilets and changing rooms for male and female. In recent years the most services forbid woman to be either in the front line or to be alone when on patrol now the police service are trying to recruit more female officers as well as more people from minority groups with an aim to have a more many different kinds of people or things all the workers in a company or country who can relate more to the public. Not so long ago, it has been brought up that there is still institutional treating people badly or unfairly because of their race within the Police force, this, as well as many other reasons such as negative making prejudiced mental pictures, informal bias and ideas you think are true from related to a group of people with the same race, culture, religion, etc. minority groups themselves are reasons why people from minority groups are less likely to join. The Police have introduced some ways to try and create a more many different kinds of people or things all the workers in a company or country. Some of these methods include, improving the data collected on the age, male/female status, family and cultural characteristics, race and disability of their members so that these can be analyzed and tested/evaluated to see which areas are weakest and need strengthening to make sure that the officers reflect and relate to the community they are working in. Another way according from this source (Simpleask.co.uk) is positive advertising, for example, the Could you? series of actions to reach a goal which is the polices national putting something into use series of actions to reach a goal which once set up, the police received expressions of interest from nearly 100,000 people, 40% of whom were found to be women   They set up targets regularly for the different areas to recruit and keep/hold related to a group of people with the same race, culture, religion, etc. minority officers and females. In 2003 The City-based Police decided to allow foreign nationals to sign up to join the police force for the first time to help meet related to a group of people with the same race, culture, religion, etc. putting something into use targets due to being told that 25% of its all the workers in a company or country had to include people from minority backgrounds. Since then the police have been working hard to create a more many different kinds of people or things all the workers in a company or country. The police also have been doing different kind of searching; police officers that stop and search are now searching their kind of gender

Cosmic Life and Death of a Star Essay examples -- physics science spac

Conception Nebula as Star Nurseries Stars are born in the interstellar clouds of gas and dust called nebulae that are primarily found in the spiral arms of galaxies. These clouds are composed mainly of hydrogen gas but also contain carbon, oxygen and various other elements, but we will see that the carbon and oxygen play a crucial role in star formation so they get special mention. A nebula by itself is not enough to form a star however, and it requires the assistance of some outside force. A close passing star or a shock wave from a supernova or some other event can have just the needed effect. It is the same idea as having a number of marbles on a trampoline and then rolling a larger ball through the middle of them or around the edges. The marbles will conglomerate around the path of the ball, and as more marbles clump together, still more will be attracted. This is essentially what happens during the formation of a star (Stellar Birth, 2004). If the nebula is dense enough, certain regions of it will begin to gravitationally collapse after being disturbed. As it collapses the particles begin to move more rapidly, which on a molecular level is actually heat, and photons are emitted that drive off the remaining dust and gas. Once the cloud has collapsed enough to cause the core temperature to reach ten-million degrees Celsius, nuclear fusion starts in its core and this ball of gas and dust is now a star. It begins its life as a main sequence star and little does it know its entire life has already been predetermined. Although this may sound like a simple enough process there are actually several variables that must be just right for birth to happen. For one, the mass of the collapsing particles is crucial and ther... ...e times the mass of the sun. In this case gravity is overwhelmingly strong and is able to crush the neutron star towards zero mass. The result is a black hole with a gravitational field strong enough to not even let light escape (Brusca, 2004). Bibliography Brusca, Stone. Cosmos, Physics 304. Arcata, CA: Dr. Stone Brusca, 2004. Miller, Coleman M. Introduction to neutron stars. University of Maryland. 22 Nov. 2004 Star death: post- main sequence evolution of stars. 22 Nov. 2004 Stellar Birth. 11 Jan. 2004. 22 Nov. 2004 Tyler, Pat. Supernova. NASA’s Heasarc: Education and Public Information. 26 Jan. 2003. 22 Nov. 2004 Cosmic Life and Death of a Star Essay examples -- physics science spac Conception Nebula as Star Nurseries Stars are born in the interstellar clouds of gas and dust called nebulae that are primarily found in the spiral arms of galaxies. These clouds are composed mainly of hydrogen gas but also contain carbon, oxygen and various other elements, but we will see that the carbon and oxygen play a crucial role in star formation so they get special mention. A nebula by itself is not enough to form a star however, and it requires the assistance of some outside force. A close passing star or a shock wave from a supernova or some other event can have just the needed effect. It is the same idea as having a number of marbles on a trampoline and then rolling a larger ball through the middle of them or around the edges. The marbles will conglomerate around the path of the ball, and as more marbles clump together, still more will be attracted. This is essentially what happens during the formation of a star (Stellar Birth, 2004). If the nebula is dense enough, certain regions of it will begin to gravitationally collapse after being disturbed. As it collapses the particles begin to move more rapidly, which on a molecular level is actually heat, and photons are emitted that drive off the remaining dust and gas. Once the cloud has collapsed enough to cause the core temperature to reach ten-million degrees Celsius, nuclear fusion starts in its core and this ball of gas and dust is now a star. It begins its life as a main sequence star and little does it know its entire life has already been predetermined. Although this may sound like a simple enough process there are actually several variables that must be just right for birth to happen. For one, the mass of the collapsing particles is crucial and ther... ...e times the mass of the sun. In this case gravity is overwhelmingly strong and is able to crush the neutron star towards zero mass. The result is a black hole with a gravitational field strong enough to not even let light escape (Brusca, 2004). Bibliography Brusca, Stone. Cosmos, Physics 304. Arcata, CA: Dr. Stone Brusca, 2004. Miller, Coleman M. Introduction to neutron stars. University of Maryland. 22 Nov. 2004 Star death: post- main sequence evolution of stars. 22 Nov. 2004 Stellar Birth. 11 Jan. 2004. 22 Nov. 2004 Tyler, Pat. Supernova. NASA’s Heasarc: Education and Public Information. 26 Jan. 2003. 22 Nov. 2004

I Am From

I'm from â€Å"Let's eat! † and â€Å"Man I sure am stuffed† Cheesy chicken spaghetti and rich death by chocolate. Burned bacon and slimy squash given to the dog to avoid eating. I'm from pineapple cheese pizza with caramelized pineapples atop And creamy chicken Alfredo with delicious golden strands of pasta. I'm from nana's homemade brownies and double chocolate chip cookies Stirred slowly and mixed with a â€Å"secret† recipe and baked with ark chocolate shavings For special occasions such as 4th of July parties and birthdays.FAMILY/MUSIC I'm from a song shared with Shelby. Air Guitar is our main profession. Driving in circles with the windows down Just to find the perfect song to live to Until we were pulled over for screaming the lyrics to We Can't Stop. I'm from Mac Miller blaring through my headphones and car speakers. I'm from Linkin Park. The Lumineers A Day to Remember And always: Maroon 5. Until I grew older and closer to God, and discovered TobyMac.I'm from a brown playful puggle we named Slade; Being lazy and sleeping on any soft surface in 2003. I'm from Alice, the playful powerful puppy. And Daisy our loveable Boston terrier Who chewed up all my socks with her sharp puppy teeth. And unfortunately had to be put down when my step brother was born.I'm from drinking hazelnut coffee beside Shelby on my front porch. Or near the sounds of the waterfall from the creek behind her house. I'm from Heather Hannel in Columbus, Ohio where horses run wild.Silly laughs and precious secrets shared between us. Heathers kindness and guidance Help me through life. I'm trom dreaming And living And my red 2001 Chevy Cavalier. I'm from The Voice And the Carroll family. I'm from wishing and playing and working at ArbVs. Like making roast beef sandwiches. And working with my best friend, Shelby. I'm from stormy Forks, Washington Beautiful Paris, Extravagant England, Exhilarating Disney World. I'm from here. Now. Face-timing my friend and typing my poe m.

Glow Stick Experiment - Rate of Chemical Reaction

Glow Stick Experiment - Rate of Chemical Reaction Who doesnt love playing with glow sticks? Grab a pair and use them to examine how temperature affects the rate of chemical reactions. Its good science, plus its helpful information for when you want to make a glow stick last longer or glow more brightly. Glow Stick Experiment Materials 3 Glow sticks (the short ones are idea, but you can use any size)Glass of ice waterGlass of hot water   How To Do the Glow Stick Experiment Yes, you can just activate the glow sticks, put them in the glasses, and see what happens, but that wouldnt be an experiment. Apply the scientific method: Make observations. Activate the three glow sticks by snapping them to break the container inside the tube and allowing the chemicals to mix. Does the temperature of the tube change when it starts to glow? What color is the glow? Its a good idea to write down observations.Make a prediction. Youre going to leave one glow stick at room temperature, place one in a glass of ice water, and place the third in a glass of hot water. What do you think will happen?Conduct the experiment. Note what time it is, in case you want to time how long each glow stick lasts. Place one stick in the cold water, one in the hot water, and leave the other at room temperature. If you like, use a thermometer to record the three temperatures.Take data. Note how brightly each tube glows. Are they all the same brightness? Which tube glows the most brightly? Which is the dimmest? If you have time, see how long each tube glows. Did they all glow the same length of time? Which lasted the longest? Which stopped glowin g first? You can even do math, to see how much longer one tube lasted compared with the other. Once you have completed the experiment, examine the data. You can make a table showing how brightly each stick glowed and how long it lasted. These are your results.Draw a conclusion. What happened? Did the outcome of the experiment support your prediction? Why do you think the glow sticks reacted to temperature the way they did? Glow Sticks and the Rate of Chemical Reaction A glow stick is an example of chemiluminescence. This means luminescence or light is produced as the result of a chemical reaction. Several factors affect the rate of a chemical reaction, including temperature, concentration of reactants, and the presence of other chemicals. Spoiler alert: This section tells you what happened and why. Increasing temperature typically increases the rate of the chemical reaction. Increasing temperature speeds up the motion of molecules, so they are more likely to bump into each other and react. In the case of glow sticks, this means a hotter temperature will make the glow stick glow more brightly. However, a faster reaction means it reaches completion more quickly, so placing a glow stick in a hot environment will shorten how long it lasts. On the other hand, you can slow down the rate of a chemical reaction by lowering the temperature. If you chill a glow stick, it wont glow as brightly, but it will last much longer. You can use this information to help glow sticks last. When you are done with one, put it in the freezer to slow down its reaction. It may last until the next day, while a glow stick at room temperature would stop producing light. Are Glow Sticks Endothermic or Exothermic? Another experiment you can perform is to determine whether or not glow sticks are endothermic or exothermic. In other words, does the chemical reaction in a glow stick absorb heat (endothermic) or release heat (exothermic)? Its also possible the chemical reaction neither absorbs nor releases heat. You might assume that a glow stick releases heat because it releases energy in the form of light. To find out whether this is true, you need a sensitive thermometer. Measure the temperature of a glow stick before activating it. Measure the temperature once you crack the stick to start the chemical reaction. If the temperature increases, the reaction is exothermic. If it decreases, its endothermic. If you cant record a change, then the reaction is essentially neutral as far as thermal energy is concerned.

Factors Affecting Marketing Strategy

Factors Affecting Marketing Strategy Introduction Marketing strategy is basically incorporation of strategic way of thinking in the field of marketing. It is the process that enables an organization to focus its resources to greater opportunities to enhance sales and attain competitive advantage (Cravens Piercy, 2006, p. 6).Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on Factors Affecting Marketing Strategy specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Marketing strategies are normally based on the concept of consumer satisfaction. Marketing strategy is most effective when it is integrated into the business strategy. In such case, it defines how the organization engages with its customers, makes plans and handles its competitors (Cravens Piercy, 2006, p. 8). Given the fact that customers are the major source of the company’s income, marketing strategy is highly linked to sales. The main aim of marketing strategy is to align marketing with business goals and objective s (Kriemadis Terzoudis, 2007, p. 30). Marketing strategy also acts as a foundation for the marketing plan and vice versa. Marketing strategy entails a set of action that enhances marketing plan. For that reason, marketing strategy is the foundation of marketing plan intended to satisfy market needs and accomplish marketing goals (McDonald, 2002, p. 13). In most cases the marketing strategy combines business goals, policies and activities into one. Marketing strategy thus acts as the reference point for all the marketing activities within an organization (Cravens Piercy, 2006, p. 10). The aim of this paper is to develop a marketing checklist for Adidas Company that would focus on corporate or organizational capability, competition, target markets and business environment. Marketing checklist is meant to provide direction for the business managers on factors to consider when formulating and implementing marketing strategy.Advertising Looking for assessment on business econo mics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The marketing checklist also helps to enhance the current marketing activities and to establish prospective opportunities. The checklist is also meant to help the company to effectively service the requirements of the target market. Market Analysis Global Sporting Apparel and Footwear Market The competitors of Adidas company are spread all over the world. The price margin between these companies is small and consumers can switch to different products with ease (Kriemadis Terzoudis 2007, p. 32). Athletic footwear being the most premium products, these companies focus more on the quality and durability of sports shoes since consumers are also looking for good quality and value for their money. In addition to large multinational companies dealing with similar products, for instance, Puma and Nike, competition also come from local companies found in different market segments. Three quarters of the world athletic apparel market and about 20% of the global shoe market belongs to localized companies (Pulendran, Speed Widing 2003, p. 478). The massive economies of scale are a major barrier for new entrants into the industry. Entering this market calls for enormous capital investment for developing and promoting a highly innovative product (McDonald 2002, p. 3). In addition, most consumers are looking to buy high quality products from reputable companies with already strong brand names.Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on Factors Affecting Marketing Strategy specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Creation of a company with highly innovative products and strong brand name in the global market takes a very long period of time, thus makes it very hard for new entrants to survive in this industry (Kriemadis Terzoudis 2007, p. 29). Consumers possess the bargaining power and can always switch to rival products when forced to. As a result, the global sports apparel and footwear market is characterized by low price margins and highly innovative products of both small and big manufacturers. Consumers have numerous brand names to choose from, with large price variations. The market also lacks complements and as a consequence consumers have higher bargaining power because they are not tied to specific products (Claycomb, Germain Droge 2000, p. 221). Competitive Environment Competitive business environment refers to the number and type of competitors within the industry (Salicru, 2010, p. 5). Competition varies from one market segment to another and therefore it is the responsibility of the marketing managers to formulate suitable marketing strategies for each segment (Keegan, 2002, p. 70). In addition to other factors, high competition in the market complicates the matters in the business environment. Businesses under such conditions normally face high uncertainty and advanced marketing strategies (Salicru, 2010, p. 5). The biggest rival of Adidas is Nike, which controls a third of the global market in sportswear, considerably higher than Adidas. In addition, there are other smaller competitors found in different corners of the world. In Asia we have Li Ning which is China’s largest sports shoe company. All these companies hoping to conquer Adidas Market share but with more advanced marketing strategy Adidas has been able to counter all of its rivals (Kriemadis Terzoudis 2007, p. 30). The Adidas group uses numerous marketing strategies to place its products into the global market.Advertising Looking for assessment on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Its target market includes big events such as the Olympic Games, EUFA Champions Leagues and FIFA World Cups. One of the strategy used by the company to reach its target market include acquisition of right of sponsorship. In addition, the group has entered into sponsorship deals with big clubs and famous sports icons worldwide (Andreasen Kotler 2003, p. 4; Kriemadis Terzoudis 2007, p. 32). The Marketing Environment Successful businesses are those that have adapted to their surrounding environment. Organizational contact with the environment squarely lies within the marketing domain and the development of suitable marketing strategies (Kotler Armstrong, 2001, p. 25). Over the past twenty years, most business literatures have paid a lot of attention in the area of marketing strategy. The reason behind the growing interest is mainly attributed to the remarkable transformation in the business environment (both internal and external environments). Nonetheless, literatures in strategic management and strategic marketing focus on the external business environment (Cravens Piercy, 2006, p. 8). Social Environment Social environment encompasses the trends and demographic factors in the target market, for instance, societal attitudes or demographic shifts that can either have a negative or positive impact on the marketing strategy. An example of demographic shifts is the education levels in the Asian Market which have forced the company to spend more money on staff training and promotional activities. The high population in China and Indian has led to more focus in the Asian market (Kriemadis Terzoudis 2007, p. 33). The increasing passion for sports has led to re-branding of Adidas products. Adidas has benefited massively from its efforts to re-brand its products to the highly fashionable line of products for multi-use and active lifestyle. The group is working hand in hand with the leading fashion designers to develop products that are highly fashionable for active and casual use. Re-branding has made Adidas gain immense inroad with the female consumers. The majority of the female consumers desire products that powerfully incorporate fashion, comfort and functionality. Female consumers have always remained untapped market segment (Claycomb, Germain Droge, 2000, p. 22). Economic and Political Environment Economic environment refers to the overall economic state and condition of a given state or region. The general state and condition of the economy normally have considerable impact on the company’s decision making process (Salicru, 2010, p. 12). Countries/ regions with the sound economic condition and high consumer purchasing power generally attract a high number of investors. This does not mean that companies do not venture into areas which are unhealthy economic-wise and have lower consumer purchasing power. Adidas group has been able to develop products that suits different market segments (Salicru, 2010, p. 14). Understanding the pol itical environment of the targeted market is very important especially for companies venturing into foreign markets. Political environment encompasses government policies and regulations that could have a positive and negative impact on the marketing strategies (Chaneta, 2002, p. 23). Being a multinational company, Adidas has also entered into agreements and negotiations with different governments in matters related to laws and regulations (Dibb, Farhangmehr Simkin, 2001. P. 409). Technological Environment Technological environment comprises of computers and computer systems used to manage businesses today and the infrastructure that supports these systems and processes (De Mooij, 2005, p. 101). Changes in technology enhance the vibrancy and intricacy of the business environment (Cravens Piercy, 2006, p. 33), which increases the complexity of marketing strategy developed by businesses (Chaneta, 2002, p. 24). Adidas Company has a strong reputation for incorporating technology on it s product line. The company is planning to build on this reputation by introducing new product lines that incorporate advanced technology to improve the performance of athletes. For instance, introducing athlete shoes with embedded microprocessor to monitor, measure and provide data on the athlete’s body, terrain and body impact. The issue of cost will be very insignificant since Adidas has already developed Adidas 1 which incorporates a microprocessor. The innovative nature of Adidas products has helped the Adidas brand maintain its technological prowess in the global market (Kriemadis Terzoudis, 2007, p. 33; Dibb Farhangmehr Simkin, 2001. P. 411). Internal Environment Internal business environment refers to internal conditions that have considerable impact on the decision-making process and general well-being of the business (Salicru, 2010, p. 6). Internal environment includes organization culture, staff commitment and competence, and internal control and evaluation mecha nism (Chaneta, 2002, p. 28). Organizational culture could positively or negatively impact the formulation and implementation of the marketing strategy. This depends on the compatibility of the organizational culture with the environment. Innovative culture in Adidas Company has facilitated the formulation of credible strategies and smooth implementation of marketing strategies (Keegan, 2002, p. 77; Kriemadis Terzoudis 2007, p. 32). The company is well endowed with analytically competent staff. These employees are capable of analysing problems and opportunities and coming up with remedies and strategies for the same (Pulendran, Speed, Widing, 2003, p. 479). They are also able to use a number of analytical and marketing tools such as SWOT analysis, Ansoff matrix and product Lifecycle analysis among others. Analytical competency not only enhances the role of staff in strategic marketing but also increases the company’s autonomy (Salicru, 2010, p. 9). The company’s emplo yees are also loyal and highly committed and always put more effort during the formulation and implementation of the marketing strategies. Increased staff commitment ensures effective assessment and management of the marketing strategy (Huczynski Buchanan, 2007, p. 7). Strategy evaluation and monitoring process is very important because of the constant changes in the market and consumer preferences. Hence, efficient evaluation and monitoring process put in place by the company positively impacts marketing strategy (Keegan, 2002, p. 19). Corporate Capability Numerous studies have been carried out regarding the development of core competencies to improve the performance and competitive advantage of organizations. The resource-based theory of the firm emphasizes on both the tangible and intangible capabilities (Hall, 1993, p. 608). Therefore, the main responsibility of any organization is to establish those capabilities that give its competitive advantage over its rivals. These capabi lities are normally rare, intricate and implicit. They are rare because they are not easy to copy, intricate because they are related to a number of factors that are linked to greater consumer value and implicit because they are permanently entrenched in the company (Johnson Scholes, 1999, p. 5). According to Hall (1993, p. 611), the main building block for any form of business strategy is a core competency. However, according to him, core competency is different from capability. He defines core competence as the blend of technological entities and production expertise that forms the basis for all the products of any given company, for instance, the incorporation of technology (GPS tracking devise) in sportswear by Adidas company (Dibb, Farhangmehr Simkin, 2001. P. 411). Consider a company like Adidas which has moved from sporting footwear to global sporting apparel and footwear. Experts attribute the success of this company to its core competency in sportswear. However, they argu e that even though its core competency has significantly contributed to its success in the global sporting apparel and footwear industry, the success cannot be attributed to the underlying competence alone. After all there are other well known companies, for instance, Nike and Puma which are successful designers and producers of sporting apparel and footwear. Hence, what gives the company a competitive edge over the competitors is its focus on capabilities (Stalk, Evans, Shulman, 1992, p. 65; Dibb, Farhangmehr Simkin, 2001. P. 411). Some of the company’s capabilities include incorporation of technology in its products and product realization which entails studying the needs of the market and providing products that meet those needs (Stalk, Evans, Shulman, 1992, p. 66). From the above example it is apparent that core competencies and capabilities are two different but complementary features of corporate strategy. They highlight the behavioural aspect of marketing strategy a s opposed to the traditional structural dimension of marketing. Therefore, both core competency and capabilities represent the universal model of corporate strategy (Vorhies Harker, 2000, p. 155). Targeted Market Target market refers to the prospective customers of the company’s goods and services. In other words, target market is the group of individuals and businesses that are targeted for sales and marketing (McDonald, 2002, p. 33; Lauren, 1999, p. 3). Effective identification of the potential client base generally helps to identify marketing strategies that can be incorporated into the business plan. Once this group is identified the four P’s of marketing (that is price, product, place, and promotion) are applied to determine the best product or service that fits a particular market segment (De Mooij, 2005, p. 4). Adidas is also putting a lot of emphasis on the emerging new markets in Asia and Latin America. Adidas has already beaten Nike in some of the Asian mark ets such as Japan and India and are divided over the Chinese market. The group has also seen the rise in its sales volume in Latin America. Adidas group has achieved this by collaborating with the local apparel manufacturers, sports clubs and sports personalities. These collaborations have enabled them to easily acquire vital information of different market segments. For instance, in China most of the commercials and advertisements include the Chinese-American Basketball icon Yao Ming which has enabled the Adidas to gain inroad among the Chinese Youths. Adidas is also collaborating with the local sports fraternity to increase interest in sports. Initially, such gestures do not create a lot of buyers, but in the long-run it generates interest in sports and markets Adidas brands (Kriemadis Terzoudis 2007, p. 34; McDonald 2002, p. 6). Conclusion Marketing strategy is a process through which companies can make best use of opportunities to enhance sales and attain sustainable competitiv e advantage using the available scarce resources. Marketing strategies are normally based on consumer satisfaction models and are more effective when integrated into the business strategy. However, there are a number of factors that have significant impact on the formulation and implementation of marketing strategy. They include internal and external environment, corporate capabilities, targeted marketing, and the level of competition among others. Corporate capabilities dictate the behavioural aspect of marketing strategies. Environmental factors and competition can either represent opportunities or a threat to the existing market strategies. References Andreasen, A.R., Kotler, P. (2003). Strategic Marketing for Nonprofit Organizations. 6th ed. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice Hall Chaneta, I. (2002). Environments That Affect Marketing Management. Journal of Comprehensive Research, 7, 20-28. Claycomb, C., Germain, R., Droge, C. (2000). The effects of formal strategic market ing planning on the industrial firm’s configuration, structure, exchange patterns and performance. Industrial Marketing Management, 29, 219-234. Cravens, D.W., Piercy, N.F. (2006) Strategic marketing (8th ed.). Boston: McGraw Hill. De Mooij, M. (2005). Global Marketing and Advertising: Understanding Cultural  Paradoxes. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications. Dibb, S., Farhangmehr, M. Simkin, L. (2001). The marketing planning experience: UK and Portuguese comparison. Marketing Intelligence and Planning, 19 (6), 409-417. Hall, R. (1993). A framework linking intangible resources and capabilities to sustainable competitive advantage. Strategic Management Journal, 14 (8), 607–18. Huczynski, A., Buchanan, D. (2007). Organizational Behaviour: an introductory text (6th ed). Harlow: Pearson/Prentice Hall. Johnson, G. Scholes, K. (1999). Exploring Corporate Strategy. Hemel, Hempstead: Prentice Hall Europe. Keegan, W.J. ( 2002). Global marketing management (7th ed.). New Jersey : Prentice Hall. Kotler, P., Armstrong, G. (1991). Principles of marketing. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall. Kotler, P., Armstrong, G. (2001). Principles of marketing (9th ed.). Eaglewood Cliffs, New Jersey :Printice Hall. Kotler, P., Armstrong, G. (2001). Principles of marketing (9th ed.) Eaglewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Printice Hall. Kriemadis, T., Terzoudis, C. (2007). Strategic Marketing Planning in the Sport Sector. Sport Management International Journal, 3(1), 27-45. Lauren, L. (1999). Why is a target Market Analysis Important. Georgia: Georgia Southern University. McDonald, M. H. B. (2002). Marketing Plans: How to Prepare them; How to  Use Them (5th ed.). London: Prentice Hall. Pulendran, S., Speed, R., Widing, RE. (2003). Marketing planning, market orientation and business performance. European Journal of Marketing, 37(3), 476-497. Salicru, S. (2010). The Process of Formulating and Implementing Market Strategy. San Francisco: Innovation Centre. Stalk, G., Eva ns, P., Shulman, L.E. (1992). Competing on Capabilities: The New Rules of Corporate Strategy. Harvard Business Review, 92209, 59-68. Vorhies, D.W., Harker, M. (2000). The capabilities and Performance Advantages of Market-Driven Firms: An Empirical Investigation. Australian Journal of Management, 25(2), 154-173.

Frank McCourts Angelas Ashes and James Joyces A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man Essays

Frank McCourts Angelas Ashes and James Joyces A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man Essays Frank McCourts Angelas Ashes and James Joyces A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man Paper Frank McCourts Angelas Ashes and James Joyces A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man Paper such as Thou shalt love the Lord thy God, Let us love one another and so on. 2. Sentences expressing moral views, such as Brethren, these things ought not so to be, It is not good for man to be alone etc. 1 The remaining points highlight sentences expressing factual truths, sentences expressing analytic truths, and sentences that inform the reader about the supernatural and metaphysical. : The concerns of Joyce and McCourt, though, appear to be with the first two types (more detailed examples of exactly how will soon follow). The focus of Angelas Ashes is primarily McCourts schooldays, during which time the principal tenets of Christianity are drummed into them in the form of commands, injunctions, exhortations, wishes etc. mainly in application to heresy, both written and spoken (Thou shalt not take the name of the Lord in vain and so on). Equally, there are a great many instances of this in Joyces novel. The list delivered above by J Wilson, however, seems rather basic and not as detailed as others, such as the following list and diagram courtesy of Mr G. B. Caird: We use words: (1) to talk about people, things and ideas [informative]; (2) to think [cognitive]; (3) to do things and to get things done [performative and causative]; (4) to display or elicit attitudes and feelings [expressive and evocative]; and (5) to provide a means of communal solidarity [cohesive]. The first two clearly belong together we shall call these two uses referential. Similarly the third and fourth uses belong together under the general heading commissive, since we involve ourselves in or commit ourselves to the actions, attitudes and feelings to which we give utterance. Use Virtue Vice Referential Informative Truth Falsehood Referential Cognitive Rationality Fallacy Commissive Performative Validity Invalidity Commissive Expressive Sincerity Insincerity Cohesive Rapport Discord The various uses and abuses of language operate sometimes in isolation, but far more often in combination. The crucial difference between the exemplars presented by the two theorists is not in the greater detail that Caird gives, but in the fact that Caird recognises the capacities of abuse that religious language can facilitate as well as those of positive use. It is my belief that examples of all five categories that he lists can be found in the novels to be explored here, albeit under several sub-categories. It is this approach (loosely based on Caird, but with sub-categories) that I will be using to examine the language of religion as well as its relation to the use of Irish in the church. The first sub-category, as it were, which neither theorist mentions explicitly but I believe to be found copiously in both novels, is that of language as a threat. Admittedly, Caird almost gets there, asserting that when we reach the point at which words are used as weapons, it is inevitable that there should be a clash between the referential use of language, whose object is truth, and the emotive use, whose object is victory. 3 Of course, the sheer number of examples means that not all will be mentioned here. The first of the most significant comes in Portrait, where a preacher is speaking to Stephen Dedalus, among others, about the devils that they will meet in hell if they do not act in a Christian manner. Such is the language of those fiendish tormentors, words of taunting and of reproach, of hatred and of disgust O, my dear little brothers in Christ, may it never be our lot to hear that language! 4 Not only does the preacher use his words to dissuade the boys from bad behaviour, he also layers the threat by emphasising the dreadful heresy that comes from the mouths of devils. The theme of heresy which could perhaps be dubbed another sub-category, and which is an important product of both spoken and written language in a religious context is a thread that runs throughout both novels, particularly in McCourts case. He recounts one incident when, after saying to a priest that Emers wife won him in a pissing contest, heard from another child who had apparently read it in a book, the priest urges him to turn your mind from those silly stories because books can be dangerous for children5 presumably to direct the children to safer forms of the written word, such as the Bible. Earlier in the novel, McCourts younger brother is rebuked for using the word shitty (you could go to hell using a word like that [McCourt, 40]) and in Portrait, similarly, Dante reproaches those at the dinner table with the words nice language for any Catholic to use [Joyce, 35]. If people are deliberately heretical, then it is probably most closely described by Cairds point 4 (language to express and evoke emotion and feeling). However, there are plenty of circumstances where people are apparently heretical without knowing it. Some of the examples already given could easily fall into this category. Mr Tate also accuses Stephen Dedalus of having heresy in his essay [Joyce, 89], and it is implied that Stephen was unaware of the nature of his words. The implication is that as a religious person one should only use language for good, thus allowing a form of censorship to continue. Heresy, though, it could be argued (and this can be applied to any communication to which people take offence), is largely defined by levels of society who want other levels of society to feel a certain way; or at best, this definition is highly dependent on the person reading the heresy or offensive words. This leads neatly to the notion, addressed by both authors, that religious language is ambiguous. Whether this is done expressly or unintentionally is another matter and would take this essay too far into the realms of philosophy and issues related to censorship. Mr J Prescott points out that the young Dedalus [becomes] aware of a deficiency in the language6, and this is largely applicable to both novels. Perhaps crucially, it is not only the children in the novels but also the adults who are painfully aware of this ambiguity. After McCourts first Communion, his grandmother feeds him an enormous Communion breakfast, which he promptly vomits up into her back garden (along with, one assumes, the Communion wine and wafer). His grandmother sends him to Confession, where the priest tells McCourt to tell your grandmother to wash God away with a little water [McCourt, 144]. Upon his return his grandmother asks him, Ordinary water or holy water? On replying that he didnt know because he hadnt asked and the priest hadnt said, McCourt is promptly sent back to the confessional to find out. This amusing anecdote is highly illustrative of the onus placed on the church to get things right and the faith that Catholics placed in the language of religion perhaps more than in the religion itself. As McCourt grows up, he slowly discovers that adultery is not just impure thoughts, words and deeds (as drummed into him at school), during an illicit library session, where, among other things, he looks up the word virgin in the dictionary and reads a book of Chinese essays on love (which results in him being promptly ejected from the library). This is perhaps a baser example than Dedalus discussion of the definition of the Latin word claritas [Joyce, 242], but in both cases, the ambiguity is slowly dissipated and the ideas behind the opaque language of religion become far clearer. Both authors use other languages as metaphors to further illustrate this point. Towards the end of Portrait, Dedalus describes a conversation with Ghezzi, which began in Italian and ended in pidgin English [Joyce, 283], which in itself denotes the confusion and transience often associated with the language of religion (not to mention language in general). Both novels make great use of Latin (and in particular, memorising it ritualistically without necessarily memorising the meaning) to much the same end. This obsessive quality associated with Latin can also be found in many of Seamus Heaneys language poems, demarcating Latin as something deeply associated with Ireland and Irish language in general as well as the language of the church. One critic, though, dismisses Latin as merely a starting point rather than a model7 this seems greatly erroneous in light of all of the Latinate references in both texts and the way this is made to tie in with Irish. This quotation from Angelas Ashes seems fairly representative of how both authors choose to demonstrate this line of reasoning: We have to know them [the prayers and creeds] in Irish and English and if we forget an Irish word and use English he goes into a rage and goes at us with the stick. If he had his way wed be learning our religion in Latin, the language of the saints who communed intimately with God and His Holy Mother, the language of the early Christians, who huddled in the catacombs and went forth to die on rack and sword, who expired in the foaming jaws of the ravenous lion. Irish is fine for patriots, English for traitors and informers, but its the Latin that gains us entrance to heaven itself. Its the Latin the martyrs prayed in when the barbarians pulled out their nails and cut off their skin inch by inch. The reiteration of Latin, Latin, Latin relates directly to other anecdotes in both novels: McCourts father taking the part of priest to make sure he knew the responses for Mass in Latin; Dedalus admiring at how the prefect of the chapels memory seemed to know the responses [Joyce, 19] both instances proving highly performative, giving further credence to Cairds model of religious language. Despite this emphasis on Latin, though, the effects of religious language on Irishness (and vice versa) is far more complex than it may first appear. Initially a utilitarian approach was favoured, with English becoming the favoured language for the pulpit and for religious instruction at the end of the eighteenth century. Daniel OConnell (also known as The Liberator or The Emancipator), a prominent political leader in the first half of the nineteenth century, also turned his back on Irish for reasons of expediency, despite having been brought up to speak Irish, declaring that he was sufficiently utilitarian not to regret its gradual passing8. It seems fair to say, from McCourts writings, that people in Ireland (even in the early 20th century, which is where his memoirs are set) were suffering from receiving mixed messages from the church and from their elders: They hit you if you cant say your name in Irish, if you cant say the Hail Mary in Irish, if you cant ask for the lavatory pass in Irish One master will hit you if you dont know that Eamon de Valera is the greatest man that ever lived. Another master will hit you if you dont know that Michael Collins is the greatest man that ever lived. Mr Benson hates America and you have to remember to hate America or hell hit you. Mr ODea hates England and you have to remember to hate England or hell hit you. If you ever say anything good about Oliver Cromwell theyll all hit you. [McCourt, 85] Every movement, however slight, had political implications and religious semantics ingrained within it, tangled further by the administration throughout history, who seemed to delight in moving the linguistic goalposts. Various strategies from the Gaelic League and the Old English clergy dictated the use of spoken Irish rather than classical Irish, since their concern was to teach religion, not language9 (in the case of the latter) and pushed the link between true religion and the native language (in the case of the former). The effective founder of the Gaelic League, Eoin MacNeill, had no doubt that these were deeply interfused, observing that When we learn to speak Irish, we soon find that it is what we may call essential Irish to acknowledge God, His presence, and His help, even in our most trivial conversation. 10 For Eoin MacNeill, the use of Irish wasnt simply about sustaining the use of a minority language or even about being at loggerheads with the English. His statement on the issue implies that he felt closer to God when he prayed in Irish, which in turn also implies the possibility that religious language could potentially be the culprit for stirring emotion, particularly in Stephen Dedal us case, rather than religion itself. When the words mulier cantat are sung by the woman in the church, it is the soft beauty of the Latin word [Joyce, 278] that proves almost hypnotic for Cranly and Stephen rather than the religious undertones (also see Joyce 193). Immediately following this passage, Stephen becomes angry at almost having been seduced by religion itself, when he knows it was only the languages beauty doing its work: The verses passed from his mind to his lips and, murmuring them over, he felt the rhythmic movement of a villanelle pass through them. The roselike glow sent forth its rays of rhyme; ways, days, blaze, praise, raise. Its rays burned up the world, consumed the hearts of men and angels The earth was like a swinging swaying censer, a ball of incense, an ellipsoidal ball. The rhythm died out at once; the cry of his heart was broken. His lips began to murmur the first verses over and over; then went on stumbling through half verses, stammering and baffled; then stopped. [Joyce, 248]. This almost religious reaction to a non-religious event is common throughout Portrait and later proves ironic as this religious element clings to Stephen like a residue, even when he is attempting to break away from religion. This is perhaps what Caird meant by the expressive, emotional, evocative element of religious language. To (one would guess) a similar end, Joyce also habitually uses religious metaphor not just in Portrait (how could a woman be a tower of ivory or a house of gold? [Joyce, 40]), but also in one of the short stories featured in Dubliners, The Dead, to name but two examples: His soul swooned slowly as he heard the snow falling faintly through the universe and faintly falling, like the descent of their last end, upon all the living and the dead. 11 The use of hieratic language in non-hieratical matters seems to be a favourite technique. Alongside that of religious metaphors, Joyce and McCourt both raise issues of naming in relation to religion. It is difficult to concisely express the significance that this has without getting into complex discussions of whether naming need be semantic. In McCourts novel, this mainly concerns his encounters as a boy with Mrs Leibowitz, a Jewish woman. In the two instances concerned, she comments on the name of his little brother Malachy in the first (nice Chewish name [McCourt 29]) and on their pronunciation of challah in the second (Malachy calls it pull bread but Mrs Leibowitz says, No, its challah, and teaches us how to say it. She shakes her head. Oy, you Irish. Youll live forever but youll never say challah like a Chew. [McCourt, 38]). The author himself is also named after St Francis of Assisi, a common practice. Joyces treatment of the issue is more semantic: God was Gods name just as his name was Stephen. Dieu was the French for God and that was Gods name too; and when anyone prayed to God and said Dieu then God knew at once that it was a French person that was praying. But, though there were different names for God in all the different languages in the world still God remained always the same God and Gods real name was God. [Joyce, 17-18] Joyce implies here that religious language is not important, because all languages apparently lead to the same God; whereas Eoin MacNeill clearly disagreed, in his endorsement of the use of Irish for prayer. However, critics point out that historically, Joyce stands precisely at a juncture where Catholic nationalism disregards its rural and Gaelic culture in favour of an engagement with British democracy and its very different codes and discourses12. He is bound, therefore, to reflect such confusion in his work and even to attempt rebellion therein, by homogenising all languages and implying that they will all reach God in the same way. Equally, when Stephen is at the university, Latin is used as a joke-his friends translate colloquial phrases like peace over the whole bloody globe into Latin because they find the academic sound of the translation amusing. This jocular use of Latin mocks both the young mens education and the stern, serious manner in which Latin is used in the church. These linguistic jokes demonstrate that Stephen is no longer serious about religion. The two central texts on which this paper concentrates are positioned at a key crossroads of Irish literature. It is hardly surprising that the two authors give such diverse messages in their works regarding the language of religion itself, for the history of the use of language in the church is nothing short of convoluted. Ireland imposes a set of oppressive binaries, namely in the form of religion and nationalism, from which the authors can escape only through the ambiguity of language. Both authors portray confusion in this area, with Stephen Dedalus in Portrait ironically using rather hieratic language as he attempts to elevate himself and his life above and beyond what religion can provide. McCourt, however, is more philosophical as the language of religion becomes clearer with age, pointing out that the ambiguity of language is used in a great many other contexts, such as the euphemistic terming of death as going to sleep. The two authors successfully demonstrate how language is an instrument of control as well as of communication, with linguistic forms allowing significance to be conveyed and distorted; they also successfully demonstrate how hearers can be both manipulated and informed, and (in some cases) manipulated while they suppose they are being informed. 3 The many fluctuations between Irish, English and Latin in the churchs history of this period leave many question marks over religious language for both authors. Ultimately, though, the language of religion is ultimately manipulated for personal or political gain either by the church, to stop their children leaving the flock; or, in the case of Joyce, by the protagonist Stephen Dedalus, in order to justify hi s desertion of religion altogether.

Supply and demand in baseball Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Supply and demand in baseball - Essay Example Over the years, various studies show that participation in professional baseball games have steadily declined. There are many reasons attributed to this condition of reduction in demand for baseball as indicated by the lower ticket sales based on volume. One reason cited is that the ticket prices have risen sharply in the past 15 years. This is accompanied by increases in the price of related goods or complementary goods to baseball games live, including parking fees and food prices. (Wood, 2004) To illustrate this point, Chicago-based research company Team Marketing Research asserted that on the average, a family of four is estimated to spend about $153 for watching in big-league ballparks as at 2004. This figure represents nearly 3% increase from 2003. Similarly, Philadelphia Phillies fans are estimated to spend around $188 for a family of four. This is greater than a 25% jump from the cost in the previous year. (Wood, 2004) Apart from this, another reason mentioned is the change in the kind of spectators who are purchasing baseball tickets. It is seen that corporations and other businesses are buying in bulks to impress clients by giving away complimentary tickets. Note that these business entities would opt for the premium seats such as those located in blocks behind the home plate and in covered boxes. In this regard, baseball owners are able to jack up the price for seats in these locations as there is an assured demand for such. Moreover, as these owners attempt to recoup the increasing cost of doing business, they boost the ticket prices particularly for those in prime locations (Wood, 2004). For instance, team owners have to contend with the meteoric rise in their factors of production, especially labor. Wage is often perceived as the primary component of business cost that leads to the increase in price (Dornbusch, Fisher& Starkz, 2002). In professional baseball, it is seen that teams belonging to the top 25% of revenue-earners have experienced an increase of $28 million on the average between 1995 and 1999 alone (Bergen, 2000). As team owners are tied up with multi-year and multi-million dollar contracts with their players, they attempt to recover the substantial wage cost by increasing ticket prices. Given the above, it could be concluded that inflation has not only affected the basic goods but the baseball ticket prices as well. This could be better explained with the aid of the graph (Change in Demand for Baseball Game Tickets). Based on the graph, it is exhibited that the price of baseball tickets has increased form D0 to D1 due to the consistent demand of corporate buyers coupled with the increasing cost of operating a baseball team. In macroeconomic terms, the "inflation" that has affected baseball tickets may be classified as both cost-push and demand-pull. These means that the steady demand for baseball tickets as well as the rise in the cost of doing business (Samuelson & Nordhaus, 2002) has led to the hiking up of baseball ticket prices. However, as baseball fans, especially families, have been hit by inflation, thus increasing the

Gender section 3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Gender section 3 - Essay Example The author pointed in her writing that human security should deal with both gender and militarization. I did not believe the militarization could affect the role of gender in the society or create discrimination. However, after reading the first two sections of the book, I started to realize that military power plays a significant role when it comes to gender and most of the human security issues and concerns are because of military power. 3. Human security is an approach that focuses on the security and the safety of the people and the communities instead of states. It also allows us to identify various kind of violence, including cultural and structural violence; and how these are related to gender especially women (197). 4. Colonization can affect citizen identity and change the way a specific society was created. Indeed, most people, who suffer colonization or a series of civil war, even though they gain independent they still suffer from insecurity and the fear of being colonize d again. In fact, most people experience trauma and the unfoldings of the past conflicts bring them sad memories, which might lead to depression. 5. Most countries exist in a militarized sphere, where people live with polices and law that are created by a fraction of people, who mostly have higher privilege and power than normal citizens. In addition, most of the laws that are enacted by the few people in society are forced on normal citizens, and they have to accept and adhere to them without questioning the authority. Indeed, in some societies, the people, who are confident enough to question the authority and power, are viewed as terrorist and a source of corruption. 6. When caregiving institutions are militarized, most of the people who work there are women. However, these do not receive any significant form of support. 7. Culture governance, patriarchy, and militarization define gender violence. These are among the major aspects that can be considered as root of gender violence . 8. Militarization and militarized mentalities is not always a direct violence. This is because it can start with structural violence. 9. Women in the Pacific point out that the major causes of conflict in the region are linked to gender inequality and inequality. The most form of inequality in this case is the unequal distribution of resources between men and women in society. For instance, in wealth distribution, men get to benefit the most, as compared to their female counterparts. It is a pity to see women suffering from this kind of discrimination. In fact, it makes me think about the nature of marriage in such countries, considering that men are the main cause of oppression to women. Then it is surprising how marriage can survive in such scenarios, as the institution of marriage involves the relationship between husband and wife, and father and daughters. Nonetheless, it is more saddening that the men in such countries do not participate in the promotion of the rights of wome n. 10. The resolution 1325 by the UN that called for the involvement of more women in the community structure did not affect the Pacific women at a significant measure. In my opinion, I believe that creating laws and announcing them to the public and asking other governments to adhere to them in their functions does not always work. Instead of creating all these laws and policies, the United Nation and other organization should work on understanding the history and the roots of

Module 5 SLP Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Module 5 SLP - Assignment Example The merger of the two companies will lead to the growth of this small company by increasing the economic demand. Hershey Company will benefit from diversification. The risks of investments spread by adding other sectors. Secondly, KONZA Company has a high liquidity. As the liquidity hypothesis stipulates, an increase in liquidity leads to an increase in in merger this is because it makes it possible for Hershey Company to acquire and finance the acquisition by use of resources (McDonald et al., 2006). KONZA Company faces a major threat of mismanagement of firm’s resources by managers to maximize the shareholders wealth. Therefore, if the two companies merge, the resources would effectively managed to maximize on the shareholders wealth as well as profit maximization of the company. I would finance the takeover by selling the company shares. This is by public invitation to buy the shares at premium from the shareholders of the company. This will enable the company to raise enough funds for growth and investments. My second choice would have been Texas Company because the company has a high debt that is attractive and not used. This will is an avenue to merge as low leverage reduces the default risk and increases the debt volume for the joint company (Vachon, 2007). The company investments have a positive net present value (NPV) meaning that it can invest in and gain profits. The two companies therefore can merge and invest in projects that yield profits, as it is a major goal of the company. This company could not be the first choice because it is a bit stable and does not suffer from liquidity and mismanagement of firms resources. My third company would be INOVA Company that is a stable company, operating under ongoing concern and is of large size. The company would merge with Hershey to benefit from synergies. The financial mathematics shows that the

Chinese international expansion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Chinese international expansion - Essay Example h the solid backing from the parent organisation, ICT, Lenovo attained huge success through add-on cards market that became the utmost chief source of returns in this phase (Ronghui, 2005 p. 19). From 1991, Lenovo Group Ltd. started to vend its own PCs brand. Because of its suitable business approaches, it put up a renowned PC brand within Chinese market within a very brief time. By 1994, Lenovo Group converted to a public firm, listed at the Hong Kong Stock-Exchange. By 1997, it beat IBM, HP and Compaq turning into the leading computer vendor in China and has remained in the first place up to now with an incessantly expanding market-share of virtually 30 per cent of the total market-share. Its product groupings have been differentiated to encompass PC modules, servers, printers, digital cameras, network machines and mobile phones (Ronghui, 2005 p. 25). Though Lenovo attained the excellent success within national market, its global business still remained in a premature stage. Afore the IBM PCD’s acquisition was announced, its foreign ventures have been established only within a few overseas countries largely focusing upon East-South Asia (Ronghui, 2005 p. 22). Lenovo sales from foreign market accounted for roughly only 10 percent of Lenovo’s overall revenue. Before the IBM PCD’s acquisition, Lenovo was, nonetheless, continuing with a premature phase of internationalisation procedure of employing stages approaches, for instance, Dunning’s eclectic model or Uppsala model. For example, through employing Dunning’s IDP methodology, Lenovo’s was in the phase two up to time of acquisition. Rendering to these stages concepts, Lenovo should have followed an incremental procedure for its transnational expansion procedure. Nonetheless, Lenovo assimilated IBM PCD and... Overseas investment holding firms play a crucial role within the outward investment stratagems of Chinese private and state-owned businesses via onward journey outward foreign direct investment. A good example is the IBM PC’s acquisition by Lenovo. Seeking strategic assets is absolutely not the most crucial driver of outward foreign direct investment within these private corporations, majority of which can suffer more grim financial constrictions than big state-owned firms. A crucial reason for international expansion in these companies is to expand affairs with other prosperous TNCs, often operating as suppliers to engineering OEMs, and/or as providers of services. In the case for Lenovo, it is evident that the companies in the early instance, they develop their own fundamental resources as well as capabilities. There exists a genuine function for tax harbours as well as offshore financial hubs, as they allow economic endeavour to transpire that otherwise might never have occ urred. The establishment of partners in tax sanctuaries is not essentially harmful. Undeniably, an unplanned tax laws consequence supporting foreign investment within China is that it has generated inducements for firms to move overseas. Offshore holding firms in renowned tax harbours, in effect, may as well build a good basis for more international expansion.

Special Topics in international Business Assignment

Special Topics in international Business - Assignment Example (Aswathappa, 2006). Trade barriers greatly affect the decisions on international businesses as they impose restrictions on international trade in specific country or economic region. Thus, the company willing to export goods to a foreign market where trade barriers are high may find this business strategy inevitable because of high costs incurred in result of trade barriers (Aswathappa, 2006). Globalisation has created both opportunities and challenges for the international business. Some of the major opportunities are: opportunity to reach global market and to increase significantly revenues, opportunity to reach economies of scales, to reduce manufacturing costs by otsourcing production facilities to other countries, opportunities to gain access to technical expertise and technical know-how, opportunity to reach global resources that are not available or expensive in home country risks (Wild & Wild, 2011). Thus, for example, the UAE-based airline company, the Emirates Group, was founded in 1985. Nowadays, the company provides passenger, postal and cargo carriage services across the world (Wild & Wild, 2011). Globalisation allowed the company to expand significantly the number of destinations up to 100, to achieve economies of scales, to develop additional sources of revenue, etc. However, globalisation poses substantial challenges for international business as well. While the international companies gain access to global markets, they simultaneously face with fierce competition on behalf of both local and international companies. Another significant challenge is associated with the fact that companies need to work in different countries with different cultures. The companies that have no previous experience in international business it might be quite difficult to adjust to the cultural differences. With the development of IT operations the

Computer Crime and Security Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Computer Crime and Security - Essay Example Later investigations revealed that it was an insider incident, involved the theft of subsequent selling of patients' credit card numbers, and that the activities emanates from the Call Centre. Having provided you with a general overview of the situation, I will now explain its potential and actual consequences, summarize the results of the post-mortem and clarify both lessons learnt and future action. In regulating conduct related to the use of computers, the United States government currently defines a computer as "an electronic, optical, electrochemical, or other high-speed data processing device performing logical, arithmetic, or storage functions, and includes any data storage facility or communications facility directly related to or operating in conjunction with such a device" (United States Computer Fraud and Abuse Act (e)(l), 1984, cited in Kipper, 2007, p. 194). This definition accounts for the way in which IT has fused data storage, computing and telecommunications technologies and in so doing, touches upon the potential of both the computing and telecommunications technologies to violate the integrity and confidentiality of the stored data. The United States Department Of Commerce (2000) highlighted this threat in its report on the proliferation of computer use and internet access, not just in the United States but, across the world. As the greater majority of corporat ions, both in the United States and worldwide, are relying on IT for data storage and processing, increased popular access to IT renders corporate systems vulnerable to unauthorized penetration and the associate accessing of private and confidential data (U.S. Department of Commerce, 2000). While it is the responsibility of corporate entities to ensure the securitization of their networks, absolute inviolability is practically impossible to achieve. It is, thus, that recent years have witnessed the ever-increasing adoption of computers in the commission of crimes of fraud and theft (Power, 2000). Our company has recently fallen victim to one such incident. 3 Incident Overview On January 16th, 2008, a periodic review of our IT activities logs evidenced a string of unusual activities. Almost 10,000 patient files had been accessed and the data they contained had been transferred to an external medium, possibly an external hard drive. The IT department had no record of authorizing any individual this level of access and, indeed, there was no legitimate justification for the access of 10,000 patient files. The incident was terribly worrisome as these files contain sensitive data such as patients' social security, insurance and credit card numbers, not to mention home and place of employment addresses and contact information. The IT department immediately contacted the Legal Department and appraised its Director of the situation who, in turn, contacted law enforcement and did the same. 4 Post Mortem After reporting the incident to the Legal Department and law enforcement officials, the IT department launched an intensive post mortem investigation. The investigation, which followed standard procedures which will be described shortly, had several objectives. These were the identification of the source, as in whether it was an insider or outsider incident;

Chinese international expansion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Chinese international expansion - Essay Example h the solid backing from the parent organisation, ICT, Lenovo attained huge success through add-on cards market that became the utmost chief source of returns in this phase (Ronghui, 2005 p. 19). From 1991, Lenovo Group Ltd. started to vend its own PCs brand. Because of its suitable business approaches, it put up a renowned PC brand within Chinese market within a very brief time. By 1994, Lenovo Group converted to a public firm, listed at the Hong Kong Stock-Exchange. By 1997, it beat IBM, HP and Compaq turning into the leading computer vendor in China and has remained in the first place up to now with an incessantly expanding market-share of virtually 30 per cent of the total market-share. Its product groupings have been differentiated to encompass PC modules, servers, printers, digital cameras, network machines and mobile phones (Ronghui, 2005 p. 25). Though Lenovo attained the excellent success within national market, its global business still remained in a premature stage. Afore the IBM PCD’s acquisition was announced, its foreign ventures have been established only within a few overseas countries largely focusing upon East-South Asia (Ronghui, 2005 p. 22). Lenovo sales from foreign market accounted for roughly only 10 percent of Lenovo’s overall revenue. Before the IBM PCD’s acquisition, Lenovo was, nonetheless, continuing with a premature phase of internationalisation procedure of employing stages approaches, for instance, Dunning’s eclectic model or Uppsala model. For example, through employing Dunning’s IDP methodology, Lenovo’s was in the phase two up to time of acquisition. Rendering to these stages concepts, Lenovo should have followed an incremental procedure for its transnational expansion procedure. Nonetheless, Lenovo assimilated IBM PCD and... Overseas investment holding firms play a crucial role within the outward investment stratagems of Chinese private and state-owned businesses via onward journey outward foreign direct investment. A good example is the IBM PC’s acquisition by Lenovo. Seeking strategic assets is absolutely not the most crucial driver of outward foreign direct investment within these private corporations, majority of which can suffer more grim financial constrictions than big state-owned firms. A crucial reason for international expansion in these companies is to expand affairs with other prosperous TNCs, often operating as suppliers to engineering OEMs, and/or as providers of services. In the case for Lenovo, it is evident that the companies in the early instance, they develop their own fundamental resources as well as capabilities. There exists a genuine function for tax harbours as well as offshore financial hubs, as they allow economic endeavour to transpire that otherwise might never have occ urred. The establishment of partners in tax sanctuaries is not essentially harmful. Undeniably, an unplanned tax laws consequence supporting foreign investment within China is that it has generated inducements for firms to move overseas. Offshore holding firms in renowned tax harbours, in effect, may as well build a good basis for more international expansion.

Computer Crime and Security Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Computer Crime and Security - Essay Example Later investigations revealed that it was an insider incident, involved the theft of subsequent selling of patients' credit card numbers, and that the activities emanates from the Call Centre. Having provided you with a general overview of the situation, I will now explain its potential and actual consequences, summarize the results of the post-mortem and clarify both lessons learnt and future action. In regulating conduct related to the use of computers, the United States government currently defines a computer as "an electronic, optical, electrochemical, or other high-speed data processing device performing logical, arithmetic, or storage functions, and includes any data storage facility or communications facility directly related to or operating in conjunction with such a device" (United States Computer Fraud and Abuse Act (e)(l), 1984, cited in Kipper, 2007, p. 194). This definition accounts for the way in which IT has fused data storage, computing and telecommunications technologies and in so doing, touches upon the potential of both the computing and telecommunications technologies to violate the integrity and confidentiality of the stored data. The United States Department Of Commerce (2000) highlighted this threat in its report on the proliferation of computer use and internet access, not just in the United States but, across the world. As the greater majority of corporat ions, both in the United States and worldwide, are relying on IT for data storage and processing, increased popular access to IT renders corporate systems vulnerable to unauthorized penetration and the associate accessing of private and confidential data (U.S. Department of Commerce, 2000). While it is the responsibility of corporate entities to ensure the securitization of their networks, absolute inviolability is practically impossible to achieve. It is, thus, that recent years have witnessed the ever-increasing adoption of computers in the commission of crimes of fraud and theft (Power, 2000). Our company has recently fallen victim to one such incident. 3 Incident Overview On January 16th, 2008, a periodic review of our IT activities logs evidenced a string of unusual activities. Almost 10,000 patient files had been accessed and the data they contained had been transferred to an external medium, possibly an external hard drive. The IT department had no record of authorizing any individual this level of access and, indeed, there was no legitimate justification for the access of 10,000 patient files. The incident was terribly worrisome as these files contain sensitive data such as patients' social security, insurance and credit card numbers, not to mention home and place of employment addresses and contact information. The IT department immediately contacted the Legal Department and appraised its Director of the situation who, in turn, contacted law enforcement and did the same. 4 Post Mortem After reporting the incident to the Legal Department and law enforcement officials, the IT department launched an intensive post mortem investigation. The investigation, which followed standard procedures which will be described shortly, had several objectives. These were the identification of the source, as in whether it was an insider or outsider incident;

Starbucks Growth Strategy Essay Example for Free

Starbucks Growth Strategy Essay (Nasdaq: SBUX) reported strong fourth-quarter and fiscal 2003 results yesterday after the bell, with annual revenues jumping 24% to $4. 1 billion and earnings growing 26% to $268. 3 million. Shares are dipping about 2% so far today, presumably because the companys $0. 17 in Q4 EPS met, rather than beat, expectations. Despite the markets lukewarm response, theres much to praise here, and opportunities for more growth abound. The companys comparable-store sales results were again impressive, and the future of its international expansion looks promising. Further, Starbucks plans for domestic growth are encouraging, thanks to the rollout of more drive-through stores. Starbucks (which I happily own shares of) posted an 8% comparable-store sales gain for the year, marking the 12th year in a row the companys comps have been 5% or better. Its projecting 3%-7% comps growth for fiscal 2004 the same guidance it gave for the just-completed year. Starbucks same-store sales success is primarily transaction-driven, meaning that its not relying only on higher prices to drive growth. Thats an important factor in the quality of its comps gains. We already know it entered its first quarter upbeat, with same-store sales growth of 9% for the month of October. With the rollout of its famed holiday drinks (dont come between me and a Gingerbread Latte), and the continued success of the Starbucks card, Q1s likely to be another winner. Starbucks international operations will turn profitable this year, a significant milestone for the company. It will add 350 international locations to its lineup, with 300 of them being licensed stores. Troubles in Japan havent squashed Starbucks belief that it can be a welcome part of diverse cultures the world over. The company will continue to partner locally in order to achieve this balance between a consistent Starbucks experience and a locally tailored one. In the U. S. and Canada, Starbucks will add 950 locations this year. About a third of those will be drive-through locations, which have some of the best unit economics of all of Starbucks concepts. Its surprising to me that Starbucks just now seems to be catching on to the fact that drive-throughs can be hugely successful for it. Yes, its contrary to the whole coffeehouse culture the company wants to cultivate, but from the customers point of view, the convenience factor is attractive. Starbucks finished the year with 7,225 stores, and as laid out above, plans to add 1,300 new locations globally in fiscal 2004. Thats all while maintaining its excellent comps growth and producing total revenue growth of 20% and earnings growth of at least 20%. Ambitious, to be sure, though Starbucks hasnt given us a reason to doubt it yet. At 38 times the 2004 estimate of $0. 85, its stock, predictably, isnt allowing for much doubt, either.

The Factors that Lead to Instability of Commodity Price

The Factors that Lead to Instability of Commodity Price 1.1 Background of the study Commodity price will influence the economy in some countries in the world. There are many factor that can cause the instability of commodity price. As we know commodity can be classified as goods that demanded by the people. In the economic theory, if the demand higher than the supply it can cause shortage, if this is happen the economy in the country will be instable. In the case of commodities, there are several technique to secure the price of commodity in order to make sure the price is stable. For example, change in exchanged rate, world political situation, inflation, global output, industrial production and etc. 1.2 Problem statement Over many years, there are many researchers make an analysis about the factor that lead to instability of commodity price. Most of them discover a different idea through out their research about the instability of commodity price. This is important to a country to know what is actually the cause of this factor. Therefore, a research must be conduct in order to know what is actually the factor that lead to instability of commodity price. 1.3 Research objectives The research objectives of this research as follows: To determine the factor that lead to instability of commodity price. To know the relationship between the factors toward the commodity price. To identify the effect of commodity price. 1.4 Scope and limitation of study In order to complete the research of the study, I have gathered trusted information from the internet. Few journals have been chosen to get some additional information. After that, in order to get what the objectives want of this study, secondary data have been chosen. The limitation of this study is to choose the best method that can conduct this research and it is hard to choose. There are methods can be used to know the factor that lead to instability of commodity price. 1.5 Significance of the problem By doing analysis on this study, we can reduce the risk of increasing commodity price due to the economic crisis.besides, we can determine the signoificant variables that effecting the commodity price. This research also can give advantages to government because they can control the commodity prce base on the economic condition. 2.0 Literature Review Commodity can be defined as goods whereby it is demanded by the people. As we can see today, the price of commodity is now increasing. In my opinion, it may be due the cost of resources that is also increasing. Therefore, we can say that the price of commodity is determined wholly by the market function. Commodity goods are consists of sugar, crude oil, gold, rice and etc. When the value of commodity increases, the cost will increase as well. There are some reasons that lead to the instability of the price of commodity. Thus, I have found out few reasons from knowledgable person that lead to the instability of the price of commodity. A study of Frankel Rose (2009), have shown that the price of commodity is influence by inflation and global output. It was found that the relationship between the commodity and both the inflation and global output is positive. In addition, the microeconomic variables also affect the commodity price. For example, inventories. Another evidence also shown that the inflation also influence the commodity price (Gospodinov Ng, 2010). After the unemployment gap and oil price being controlled, it was found that the price of 23 commodities were influenced by the inflation. Another study of Bower, Geis Winkler (2007), also shown that the inflation and exchange rate also influence the price of commodity. On the other hand, the study of Pindyck Rotemberg (1990), the macroeconomic shock influence the instability of price commodity, whereby, the industrial production and inflation will determine the future demand for commodity and will later affect the price of commodity. Thus, wh en the interest rate increase, the commodity price will decrease. However, the study of Bastourre, Carrera Ibarlucia (2007) have shown a different view on what affect the commodity price. This is because, in the long run the Argentina commodity price is influence by the real interest rate, real exchange rate of United States of America and the demand of raw materials. Other different view regarding instability of commodity price is influence by predictions of conditional variance and conditional expectations theories (Laroque, 1997). The global monetary conditions could also influenced the price of commodity whereby, in another study of Anzuin,Lombardi pagano(2010), it was found that the monetary policy shock gave impact to the instability of commodity price. In a different study of Wescott Hoffman (1999), it was found that the price of commodity as in corn and wheat were influenced by the agricultural policies, stockholding and government pricing support. When the agricultural policy maker asked the producer to increase the price, then the commodity price need to be increased or vice versa. According to Lalonde, Zhu Demers (2003), it has shown that the world economic activity and the effective exchange rate of US dollar lead to influence the price of commodity. Thus, if the economic activity is active, it may lead to increase in commodity price. On the other hand, according to Tadesse Guttormsen (2010) the periodic price threshold influence the instability of commodity price. When the price of threshold increase, the commodity price will increase as well. After viewing the resources, I found several factors that lead to the instability of commodity price. Those factors consist of inflation, exchange rate, interest rate, global output and more. After identifying all the factors, the theoretical framework can be sketched. Thus, the method to be used can be indentified and hypotheses can be made after analyzing all the data. 2.1 Theoretical framework Inflation Exchange Rate The factor that lead to instability of commodity price Interest rate Global output Theoretical framework is the part of the study including in research methodology. Usually the network of association can be more clear explained the entire variable in the study. If we look to the sketch above, there were independent variable on the left side and dependent variable on the right side. What is Independent and dependent variables? Independent is the variables that lend itself, and dependent vice versa. From the sketch of theoretical framework above, we can see that the independent variable consist of four, inflation, exchange rate, interest rate and global output. The dependent variable is the factor that lead to instability of commodity price. 3.0 DATA METHODOLOGY 3.1 Introduction By using the secondary data the factor that lead to instability of commodity price can be conducted. Secondary data can be define as the data that already exist by the previous researcher. The data is consist of published and unpublished material such as journal, article and etc. Through the data base, the secondary data can be gained. Thus, the methods for this analysis are used to complete the objectives of the analysis. 3.2 Data, population and sampling method In order to complete the research, the data can be collected from world bank and Bursa Malaysia. the population is data is collected for Malaysian only. It is because this research is on commodity price in Malaysia. In my opinion population is the group of people that lives together in certain area. The researcher can gain their information or data in that area in order to complete his research. For example, if the researcher want to investigate about academic dishonesty or plagiarism among the students in UiTM Sabah, he must collect the data from the population in UiTM Sabah only. On the other hand, this research is doing in Malaysia so that the data collected must be suitable because the data based on commodity price in Malaysia. Sampling method is divided into two which is probability sampling and non probability sampling. By using this sampling method, researcher can cut a lot of time doing research and also can cut cost. 3.3 Analysis of data To estimate the data, the univariate modeling technique such as naÃÆ'Â ¯ve trend model, exponential smoofhing and lagragian model will be use. 3.4 Hypothesis development The hypothesis that can be concluded for this research is whether the dependent variable such as inflation, exchange rate, interest rate and global output will effect the instability of commodity price. The directional and the non directional hypothesis is the classification of hypothesis. The null and alternate hypothesis can either be rejected or accepted in accordance with the result from the test of the variables. 3.5 Summary Before conducting a research, we have two element that have to be taken into consideration that is the data and methodology. It is better to make sure the availability of data before one proceeds to do research. To gain an accurate result for a research we must use proper methods. When data is already gathered and analyzed, hypothesis can then be tested.